Terrible studying today. Was not able to find definitions for most of these terms in the genki vocab, and online searches netted nothing of particular value.
While "kinou" stands for "yesterday" in number 2, I haven't the foggiest what "nichi" stands for (I'm pretty sure "jiyuugo" is 15.) At gunpoint I'd say the question is asking if the 15th of a certain month was yesterday or not.
For number three, I also don't know what the devil "kiyou" stands for. I know "asagohan" is breakfast, and I know that long string of katakana for "hanbaagaa" is hamburger, while "deshita" is the past tense of "desu," ergo the sentence is probably asking "did you eat a hamburger (sometime in the past), with the "sometime in the past being "kiyou."
For 4. there were a ton of references to child from the genki vocab itself, "kodomo" being child, "iikodomo" being, I think, "good child." "toki" should mean "when." Perhaps the question is asking "when you had your kid, and then adding fluff on afterwards saying it's a good kid?"
Number 5 starts with a reference to high school "koukou" with a "when" attribute slapped onto it via the "no." Afterwards, "iigakuseideshitaka" is mentioned, maybe the question is asking a current high school student when they plan on entering a good college, but that sounds weird because this statement also ends with a "deshita" meaning this all took place in a past tense.
Next section looks like it'll be far simpler at least, since that's translating sentences from